The Impact of Separation on Families: Due to Current Immigration Policies.

Introduction

Children of immigrants represent 25% of the 69.6 million children in the United States. Over 88% of these children parents are at risk of being deported (Zong & Batalova, 2015). The increase in migration is due to ongoing violence and safety concerns in countries such as, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras, a region known as the Northern Triangle is the region with the most threat (Crea, Lopez, Taylor, & Underwood, 2017),( Roth & Hartnett, 2018). As migration increase so does the penalties for crossing the border, which leads to more and more children being separated from their parents. An estimated 2,300 of children were separated from their parents under Trump administration’s “zero tolerance” policy in May 2018, 102 of these children were under the age of 5. (MS. L. vs. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, 2018). The children are put into transitional foster care or shelters after they have been separated. Even though Trump halted the separation of families in June 2018. The act of separation was done to deter families, but parents fear that returning home threatens their children well-being, so they continue to seek asylum to keep their families together.

This literature review focuses on articles that examine the consequences of family separation on children, and parents. This is an important topic in today’s society. Research on the topic indicates that parental detention and deportation increase risk for mental health in both parent and child. These problems may include, severe psychological distress, anxiety, and depression. In addition, parental separation has a stronger traumatic effect on children at a young age. It is sad to say that this is the case for many immigrants, parents are being separated from children who are under the age of 6. This might have a lasting effect, and affect them even throughout adulthood.

In the last few years, there has been an increase in the penalties of crossing the borders to encourage people not to return. One form of this penalty as mentioned above is parent and child separation. The increased Interior Enforcement on parent-child separation is to deter migrants from remigrating into the country. But, by increasing parent-child separation have proven counterproductive because of strong family ties in the united states.  Also, low- income families suffer from the head parent being away since they are the ones who bring in the money.

Methodology

Initially, our goal was to investigate the impact of family separation (of any form) on children, specifically toddlers. However, we found few primary sources that examine the effects separation had on toddlers. We decided to broaden the age range to children under 18, which was easier to work with. But as we continued our research, we realized the complexity of the topic and it had many different relevant parts. So, we decided to focus on the family and how the implication of new policies affect both parent and children.  From there on, we found a lot of articles about the changes in immigration policies and the effects they have on families that are separated.

The search engines that were used to find the articles are Google Scholar, and the CCNY libraries databases, specifically the EBSCOHost database.  We used a variety of keywords such as immigration, psychological effects, children separated from parents, deportation, and depression. This was done to maximize the number of articles we found. Family separation due to immigration policies is a new issue and there is not much recent research conducted about the topic. Our initial search yield thousands of results, which were not relevant to our topic. In order to narrow down our results, we set the date for published articles from 2013 to 2019. To ensure that our articles were scientific journals we filtered the settings to scholarly peer-reviews, which then left us with only hundreds of results. We then looked through the results to find the best ones that were relevant to our topic.

The Change in policies, increases the separation.

Several articles were encountered that focused on the changes in immigration policies. The changes in policies are implemented to deter migration into the United States. But their efforts are shown to be counterproductive in deterring migrants from crossing the border. This is so, because there has been an increase in family ties and a decrease in the probability of migrants returning home.

One of the articles examined the different methods of deterrence and who are most affected, as well as, the overall impact and effectiveness. There was a background given on the U.S Customs & Border Protection (CBP) which implemented the Consequence Delivery System (CDS) in 2011. The CDS uses active prosecution of immigration violators, as opposed to the passive strategy of enforcement through deterrence. The CDS has proven useful in decreasing unauthorized migration but it does little stem the flow of people and deter future crossings (Eschbach et al. 1999; Cornelius 2001; Cornelius 2005; Cornelius and Lewis 2007; Nevins and Aizeki, 2008).

The researchers examined, Migrant Border Crossing Study (MBCS), it was based on survey interviews by US and Mexican researchers with 1,110 recent deportees between 2009 and 2012. The CDS seeks to impose more prosecution so that people will not attempt another crossing. The MBCS showed that deterrence by arrest, incarceration, and removal is largely ineffective. As shown in the results, that majority of the respondents expressed that they intend to return to the United States soon. The two different types of deterrence method that were examined are: (1) Operation Streamline, which criminally prosecutes illegal entrants en masse in particular Border Patrol sectors and crossing corridors; and (2) the Alien Transfer and Exit Program (ATEP), which deports unauthorized migrants apprehended in one region to another part of the border (Danielson 2013; De León, 2013). In both cases, respondents stated that they intended on migrating back to the United States. The article concluded that people who considered the United States their home are willing to “endure hardships at the border, discrimination in the United States, and the harsh penalties of an increasingly criminalized immigration system.” (Martínez and Slack, 2013).

Looking at a study conducted by professor Nina Rabin at the University of Arizona, the study aimed to understand the impacts of immigration policies on young immigrants and how these policies operate. “Now is an important time to consider the full scope of immigration enforcement impacts, given the Trump Administration’s significantly increased enforcement policies” professor Rabin stated (Rabin, 2008). Professor Rabin engaged in conducting interviews, and self-assessment tool over a sample of 38 young immigrants in the Pima. All the participants were not living with either biological parent, even though not all had experienced parental deportation. twenty-one of the participants (55%) reported that one or more of their parents had been deported (eleven had fathers deported, six had mothers, and three had both). Five had parents who had always lived in Mexico, three had both parents still living in the united states, and eight had one or both parents return to Mexico voluntarily without deportation.

The finding of professor Rabin study suggested that there is a need of the reformation of the immigration policies not only because of their impact on these young immigrant’s mental health but also, because these young immigrants are victims of the lack of legal consulting and advice. Therefore, they are left with limited decisions and chances.  “Their complicated life histories combined with extremely limited financial means resulted in their inability to successfully navigate the legal process.” Said professor Rabin (Rabin, 2018).

Immigration enforcement, Parent- Child Separations

One of the articles focused on, how enhanced immigration influence parent-child separation and whether the parent who was separated would return, presumably without documents. There has been a change in immigration enforcement policy since the implication of the CDS, which have led to an increase in child-parent separation. The researcher used surveys. The data set spanned from 2008 through 2013. The initial sample consisted of 25,092 persons that were interviewed upon arrival to their home countries. The sample consisted of parents separated and not separated from their children, the results indicated that parents separated from their children (0.257) were more likely to migrate within 30 days than those who were not separated from children (0.116). The data also suggested that inferior enforcement is associated with a higher incidence of parent-child separations.

Parents are drawn to their children, so the act of separating children and parents only increases the likelihood of remigration. As shown in the study, that interior enforcement raises the incidence of parent-child separation by 13%.  They did not explain much about the effects it had on children. The data was comprised mostly of results, which showed parents’ intentions to remigrate. They kept restating that parents are most likely to remigrate because their child is in the United States. Other than that, the information provided proved that the new immigration policies do the opposite of what they were intended to do.

The Impact of Parent Deportation on the Family

Federal immigration enforcement shapes the hardships for non-citizen immigrants. Four million children born in the United States live with a parent(s) who is/are unauthorized immigrant(s). Immigrants who are in the United States illegally fear that they will get deported which reduce their intention to seek help. Material hardships such as, food, housing, and education, measures the challenges that family face in their basic needs due to low income or resources. Children wellbeing are affected by these hardships, which could lead to delays in childhood development and increase the family’s risk of child welfare.

In one of the articles, it explored parent deportation; for those parents deported and parents fighting deportation have some stress regarding their families with where their child is going to go. Also, parents that are neither deported or fighting deportation also experience stress because they have a feeling that they will end up getting deported. Many families experience various emotions when separated from their loved ones. Family separation brings about emotional struggles that don’t help immigrants or families. Families express commitment with each other through communication although they are feeling hurt that they are not together. Women experience more suffering through this separation because they do not know how to tell their children that they will be having an absent parent.

            Families may experience separation different depending on social support systems regards to their families and friends. The disadvantage of social networks shows the stress to social demands or social exclusion when the families aren’t able to confide with anyone. Negative aspects of transitional families are that parents are dependent on the head parent (the ones who work for their family) to bring money in for their house. Immigration enforcement increased their deportation in high numbers which resulted in stress within migrant families.

The act of separation is prolonged by a flawed immigration system, which makes it harder for families to reunite. This article critiques the immigration system and focuses on the provisions that contribute to family separation. A study has been conducted, through focusing on provisions in the immigration laws that keep immigrant families separated, and through conducting a “mixed quantitative-qualitative” approach to provide the impact of these laws on family separation and family structure. The provision of the immigration laws examined in the study were the following, family preference visas, the reentry bar, the affidavit of support, and finally the lack of legalization to undocumented immigrants. The analysis of the data called for a change in the immigration system. “The current immigration law system is predicated on family unity, yet paradoxically it contains many provisions that initiate, propitiate, and sustain family separations.” (Enchautegui & Menjivar, 2015).

Psychological Effects On Children

The psychological effects on children from family separation vary from depression to PTSD. Looking at a study, that was conducted over a sample of children of immigrants (97 children ages between 6 and 12).  Family statues varied from low income to higher income, legal and illegal residency in the United States. The study examined baseline multiple informant assessment data to test the central hypothesis that, Latino children whose parents have been detained or deported would have significantly more psychological distress and PTSD symptoms, as compared to, children of parents who had no contact with legal authorities or children with legal permanent residency parent  in the United States (LPR).

The study was conducted through interviewing the parents and the children by master level clinicians, accessing school records and interviewing teachers. The reports used in the study were child report, parent report, teacher report and finally Clinician evaluation through the following measurements, UCLA PTSD-RI, CESD-DSC, TSCYC, and BASC-2 TRS-C, to rate psychological symptoms. Children were assessed using the (UCLA PTSD-RI) measurement to measure the level of PTSD. Children also completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale for Children (CES-DSC), a 20-item self-report depression inventory with scores ranging from 0 to 60. Parents were asked to fill the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Young Children (TSCYC) to measure potential traumatic experience (PTE), anxiety, depression, and anger. In addition to, the Behavior Assessment System for Children–2nd Edition (BASC-2 PRS-C) to assess internalizing problem total (anxiety, depression, and somatization), and externalizing problems total (hyperactivity, aggression). Teachers report were like the parent’s reports, the (BASC-2 TRS-C) assessment was used to measure internalizing and externalizing problems.

The outcome of the study found that children of unauthorized parents have significantly a higher chance on experiencing a potential traumatic experience (PTE) in their lifetime, as compared to, children of legal permanent residency parents (Rojas-Flores & Clements & Hwang Koo & London, 2017). The study also found that overall exposure was high across groups, with 35% of the sample reporting exposure to one PTE, 21% to two, 14% to three, and 12% to four or more PTEs in their lifetime. The outcome of the study focused more on the PTSD and level of distress. They found that, according to the children report, 29% of all child participants met criteria for full (19%) or partial (10%) PTSD diagnoses, differences by parental immigration status on total PTSD symptoms (Rojas-Flores & Clements & Hwang Koo & London, 2017).

According to parents report, In each case, children of detained and deported parents demonstrated higher levels of trauma symptoms than did children of either LPR parents or unauthorized parents with no ICE contact (Rojas-Flores & Clements & Hwang Koo & London, 2017). According to children report, There was no effect of parent immigration status on child self-reports of depression. Parent report of children psychological distress with children of detained or deported parents reported having more internalizing problems than did children of LPRs. Data collected from parents report on children psychological distress, also showed that children of detained or deported parents scoring higher on depression per parent report than did children of LPRs. According to children report, results demonstrated no significant effects of parental immigration status on the anxiety, depression, or somatization scales. But a significant univariate effect was found for conduct problems, with children of detained or deported parents tend to have more conduct problems, than those children of LPRs. According to the clinician’s report, children of detained or deported parents exhibit poorer functioning than those children of both LPRs and unauthorized parents with no ICE contact. Also, analyses of the home, school, and moods, revealed a significant effect of parent immigration status. Children of detained or deported parents had poorer scores in school behavior children, as compared to, children of LPRs or unauthorized parents with no ICE contact. They also have lower scores on moods test, than those children of either LPRs or unauthorized parents with no ICE contact.

The data concluded that, children of detained and deported parents experience more psychological distress and trauma, as compared to children whose parents were not involved with immigration enforcement or deportation experience. Parents-reported higher levels of PTSD symptoms in children of detained and deported parents. This implied that forced parental separation, as a result of,  immigration enforcement is particularly detrimental to children’s mental health. The unpredictability and uncertainty associated with such separations may have exacerbated PTSD symptoms. Specifically, the children of detained and deported parents were found to endure more posttraumatic experiences in their lives. One of the most important findings of the study is that children of detained or deported parents were rated by parents and clinicians to have higher levels of negative moods and internalizing problems, compared to children of LPRs. The findings of the study are consistent with other studies in the same topic, that showed a significant increase in depression and anxiety levels among children who experience PTSD. Therefore, the finding of the studies collaborates with other studies about the negative effects of parental separation on children. In addition, children who are vulnerable to potential traumatic experiences were rated by teachers and clinicians to suffer from more dysfunction (Rojas-Flores & Clements & Hwang Koo & London, 2017). The sample of the study found that Exposure to multiple PTEs was common across their sample, with 35% of the children reporting experiencing one PTE and 47% endorsing two or more PTEs. This high prevalence of PTE exposure is concerning given the negative short- and long-term consequences of childhood PTE exposure.

The limitations of the study come from the small sample they have study. However, I found it to be very interesting in analyzing the psychological effects of enforced separation on children.  They collected data and evaluation from 4 different sources, parents, children, teachers and clinicians, which gives us a wider perspective of the mental health of these children.

Looking at a similar study that was conducted over a sample of eighty-three Mexican children, ages between 8-15. 49 of them have directly experienced parental separation because of detention or deportation, 34 undergoing deportation or detention proceeding, 18 children of this group are being with a family or a caregiver in the United States and 31 have accompanied their deported parents to Mexico. The recruitment occurred between communities in Mexico and the United States. The procedure of the study consisted of a quantitative measure of depressive symptoms within depression and qualitative interviews.

First, to evaluate the participant’s mental health using the children depression inventory 2nd edition (CDI-2; Kovacs and Staff, 2003). The measure consists of 28 items, 2 scales aimed to evaluate emotional and functional problems, and 4 scales aimed to evaluate negative mood, physical symptoms, negative self-esteem, ineffectiveness, and interpersonal problems. Children were asked to indicate the severity of the symptoms from 1-3 (1 being none, 2 mild, and 3 being a definite symptom). After conducting the self-assessment measurements, the participants were asked to be interviewed to get a detailed description of their mental health statuses. The interviews were bilingual and were conducted by experts. Interviewers were provided with a “semi-structured interview guide” to help reduce interviewer bias. Interviews started with a deep analysis of children’s perceptions about home and family, the emphasis was placed on having children describe their perceptions, thoughts, emotions, feelings, reflections, and interpretations. This was done to ascertain the psychosocial impact of parental removal or having an undocumented parent. According to the study,  “These questions set the stage for a conversation about legal status aimed at eliciting what the child remembered as salient (Mauthner, 1997)” (Gulbas & et al, 2016).

The study found out that Children affected by parental deportation have higher stressors in their lives, a finding consistent of the previous study. “Children In our sample who experienced parental deportation reported it as a major life trauma, which often generated or exacerbated the stressors mentioned above” (Gulbas et al. 2016). Which ties up to the previous study that measured levels of PTSD. Our research also shows that psychological hardship could be induced by the perceived threat of parental deportation (Brabeck and Xu 2010; Chaudry et al. 2010; Delva et al. 2013; Dreby 2010; Dreby 2012; Perreira and Ornelas 2011; Sullivan and Rehm 2005). Thus, while citizen-children who suffer parental deportation experience the most severe consequences associated with immigration enforcement. The findings of the study also suggest that mental health issues extend to those children who are vulnerable to parents deportation.

The outcome of the studies proved that there are negative psychological effects associated with enforced parents’ separation on children. Even though the sample of both studies is relatively small. Both studies used measurements that are widely accepted and considered accurate in assessing mental health issues (The UCLA PTSD-RI, and CDI-2 measurements). In addition, both studies gathered information from different sources which increase the credibility of the findings. One used different sources (teachers, parents, children, and clinicians), while the other conducted the study on a wider location (children in the states and Mexico).

Another article that focused on children psychological health, stated that there are 11.1 million undocumented immigrants living in the U.S. many of them come from Mexico. Children born in the United States to undocumented parent have been identified as having a higher risk of parent deportation. This experience changes family income and causes difficulties with child care and barriers to public health resources and social services. Mental health seems to make children more vulnerable, children suffer from anxiety and depression, attention problems, social withdraw and rule-breaking behavior. Parent deportation is linked with emotional and behavioral problems.

A sample of 8 families was tested, which consisted of parent facing deportation and the reaction of children was reported, some reportedly wanted to kill themselves and others were depressed. Psychological stressors were used by children to describe the feelings, the results were, that there was an inability to communicate with friends, negative perceptions of Mexico, financial struggles, loss of support of school networks, stressed relation with the parent and violence.

Child parents being affected by parents deportation affects the child mental health. If a child mental if not treated it can worsen over time. Only 23 children were deported and 20 children are involved with parent fighting deportation group and 5.5 million children in the united states have undocumented parents, 75% of the children were born in the united states. 50% of immigrants in the U.S. were separated by a parent. 5.5 %  and 11. Percent were separated by a spouse and a child. In Mexico, 10.8% were separated from a child. Emotional distress based on family separation on parents, spouse, and a child has more of an effect on the individual. The more family ties the more difficult it is on the person. Also the individual unable to fulfill the emotional or financial needs of family members across the border.

Separation on children: Transitional Foster Care

            The article examined the effects of separation on children who were placed in transitional homes. There has been an increase in migration since 2014 from Central America, people seeking asylum because of increased violence. With the increase in migration, immigration laws have become stricter. This led to the more children being separated from their parents who were then placed in transitional foster care.

There was a lot of background information given about the process of being placed in transitional foster care. Children who are separated from their parents by U.S Customs & Border Protection (CBP) are transferred to the custody of the Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR). They are then classified as unaccompanied alien children (UAC), even though they were accompanied by their parent(s) at the border where they were separated. The ORR then must place the UAC in a less restrictive environment, which is usually with a sponsor in the United States (Byrne & Miller, 2012). This process would take an average of 2 months, children were placed in shelters. ORR policy does require that children under 13 be placed in transitional care because they are more vulnerable.

The sample size of the experiment was small they only interviewed 20 staff members at four transitional foster care programs. They interviewed at least three individuals at each site: the director (or program coordinator), case manager, and clinician. They asked them a series of question to examine, how staff members perceive the impact of family separation on children; how programs have adjusted to meet children’s needs; and any distinctions between providing services for separated children—particularly those under age 5, referred to by respondents as “tender age” children—versus UAC (B. J. Roth, T. M. Crea, J. Jani, D, Underwood, R. G Hasson III, K. Evans, M. Z, & E. Hornung, 2018).

The researcher did not use data tables or graphs. Instead, the findings were presented using themes, first from the respondent’s perspective, secondly, the difficulty of children adjusting to the program, and finally, how the program adapt to address the challenges. The results show that younger children have a harder time understanding what is happening and they are more traumatized by separation. It also states that children separated from parents, as compared to those separated from uncles and aunts, misses their family more. Also, when it comes to adaptation, younger children adapt faster to changes, because they do not understand what is happening. While older sibling would usually step up to the role of parent, this would place additional stress, on top of the stress that comes with separation.

Psychological effects on Parents left at home

            Migration does not only take an emotional toll on children but also on their parents, especially mothers. As one of the articles examine the effects of migration on mothers from Mexico. The researcher focused on the emotional and psychological repercussions of family member migration. The separation from loved ones can induce stress and depression. Even though the family members left at home does not have to deal with adjusting to new cultures. Women have a more difficult time, because their family plays a central role in their lives. In addition to the emotional stress of separation, there are also family role changes and addition.

There were several sets of data analyzed one of was the Mexican Family Life Survey (MxFLS-1), the total number of individuals within the data set was approximately 38,000, which included approximately 19,800 interviewed respondents over the age of 14. There was a test done to examine the emotional difference between families with migrant relatives and those without them. The research was only limited to the analysis of mother, father, spouse, child, sibling relationship. This is so because recent studies have shown that Mexican families are increasingly living with immediate family members and apart from extended kin (Cerrutti and Massey, 2001).

The findings from the research indicated that being separated from a sibling was associated with higher levels of depression, in women more than man. Being separated from a child is associated with higher depressive symptoms in both men and women. The researcher also examined loneliness. Women showed the highest level of loneliness with a coefficient of 0.44, significant at 0.001 level. Being separated from a child shows the strongest association in depressive symptoms for both men and women, but the effects are almost twice as large in women. In contrast, when loneliness was examined, it indicated the strongest effect was from spousal separation rather than child separation.

Conclusion

            The topic of family separation is a complicated matter to cover. This is so, because there are both documented and undocumented immigrants. So, this makes it difficult to track the effects of family separation on migrants because families do not want to put their relatives at risk of being deported or worse. This literature review will bring more attention to the matter that is so prevalent today.  Looking at the current immigration policies and their effects on the increase of family separation under the Trump administration, research showed that there is a need for reformation. In addition, the current policies are meant to deter migration but all they have done is increase migration.

The strength of our paper is centered around the findings of each paper. They all presented very similar results, which is that the new changes to the policies are counterproductive in their efforts to deter deportation. Family separation has various effects on both parent and children. These can affect the family financially and mentally. The removal of the breadwinner can put a financial strain on other members of the family. In addition, to the increase of PTSD, depression, and anxiety among children of deported parents. Another strength that we would like to highlight is that the samples throughout most of the articles were consistent. This is so, because most of the samples were taken from Central American families. So, it could be said that the findings would be more consistent with each other.

The limitations of this literature review, due to the difficulty of the subject. The topic presented many issues. To cover the whole extent of the topic we had to broaden our study to the family as a whole instead of focusing on children as we initially set out to do. The had to take into consideration the changes in the current policies and to why they changed. Also, documenting the movement of immigrants is a difficult task. So for most of the research papers we encountered had relatively small sizes. Another limitation was that some of the researchers used data from years before 2013, even though their research was published after 2013. This might bring about issues because the results might not be accurate or as representative as they seem to be.

Through the process of writing this literature review, it appeared that there is a lack of research on toddlers, and how they’re affected by family separation. As mentioned before, this is a result of the lack of documenting immigrants and the mental health of these children. In addition, most of the research are conducted on latinoX immigrants, while there are few research on immigrants experiencing separation.

There is a need for more research on the impact of family separation on parents, the problem is severe but there seem to be no awareness about these consequences.

In addition, there should be future research on coping mechanisms and therapy with potential traumatic experiences and their efficiency on children. While, there are research on potential traumatic experiences and the effects of witnessing the arrest or detention of a parent which can be particularly traumatizing and need to be documented.The outcome and findings of these research should be used in reviewing and reforming the current immigration policies.

 

 

 

 

 

 

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  1. Zong, J., & Batalova, J. (2015). Frequently requested statistics on immigrants and immigration in the United States. Retrieved from: http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/frequently-requested-statisticsimmigrantsand-immigration-united-states#Children%20with%20Immigrant%20Parents

 

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